Showing posts with label multi-tiered services. Show all posts
Showing posts with label multi-tiered services. Show all posts

Saturday, November 22, 2025

National Trends and Evidence-based Approaches that Improve Education and our Schools

A "Running Record" of the Project ACHIEVE Educational Solutions' Bi-Monthly Blog and Related "Improving Education Today: The Deep Dive" Podcast

   Twice per month, Dr. Howie Knoff, President of Project ACHIEVE Educational Solutions publishes a Blog article and a related Podcast on the Better Education (BE) Podcast Network

   The Blog and Podcast are dedicated to discussing and analyzing national trends in education, effective school and schooling, staff and student effective practices, and ways to increase the academic and social, emotional, and behavioral success of students from preschool through high school (including alternative, residential, charter, and other more-specialized schools).  

   Though it all, Dr. Knoff always take a "common sense" approach to my discussions, but I also come from a school psychological and research-based perspective (which makes this Blog especially unique).

   The Blog messages themselves are hosted on the following Blog-site:

http://www.projectachieve.info/blog

     Below is a chronological list of all of the Blogs- - from the most-recent to those that date back to late 2013.

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A Related Podcast is Included for Each Blog

We are also engaged in a new partnership and have developed a new resource for you.

The partnership is with popular AI Educators, Davey Johnson and Angela Jones. . . and the resource is their Podcast:

Improving Education Today: The Deep Dive

   For each bimonthly Blog message that is published, Davey and Angela summarize and analyze it in their free-wheeling and “no-holds-barred” Podcast. . . addressing its importance to “education today.” They also discuss their recommendations on how to apply the Blog's information so that all students, staff, and schools benefit to “the next level of excellence.”

   You can find the Podcast on the Better Education (BE) Podcast Network which distributes our Podcast to ALL of the major podcast platforms. These platforms include: Spotify and Apple, as well as Overcast, Pocket Casts, Amazon Music, Castro, Goodpods, Castbox, Podcast Addict, Player FM, and Deezer.

On some of these platforms, you can sign up to automatically receive each new episode:

SPOTIFY LINK HEREImproving Education Today: The Deep Dive | Podcast on Spotify

APPLE LINK HEREImproving Education Today: The Deep Dive | Podcast on Apple Podcasts

LINK HERE for All Other PlatformsImproving Education Today: The Deep Dive | Podcast on ELEVEN More Podcasts

Davey and Angela have also created a Podcast Archive of more than 35 additional podcasts-- all of our 2024 Blogs (Volume 2), and 14 of our most-popular Blogs from 2023 (Volume 1).

Many districts and schools are using the Podcasts in their Leadership Teams and/or PLCs to keep everyone abreast of new issues and research in education, and to stimulate important discussions and decisions regarding the best ways to enhance student, staff, and school outcomes.

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Check Out the Project ACHIEVE Bookstore with On-Line Courses, E-Books, and Other Resources

In addition to our Blog messages and Podcasts, I encourage you to visit my ever-changing website where there are many, many resources that address the different facets of school improvement:  strategic planning, effective professional development, academic instruction through intervention, school discipline and classroom management, establishing positive behavioral support systems, implementing the necessary multi-tiered services and supports for students who are academically struggling and/or behaviorally challenging, and community and family involvement and outreach.

ALL of the Electronic Books on the Website are continually UPDATED to reflect the newest facets of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA/ESSA), IDEA, recently decided federal court decisions, and the most current research.

GO TO THE PROJECT ACHIEVE BOOKSTORE HERE

All of these school improvement components are part of Project ACHIEVE, the evidence-based (through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) that we have been implementing nationwide since 1989, and that has been designated as a national model prevention (and CASEL Key) program since 2001.

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Once again, to link to all of Blog messages below, go to:     www.projectachieve.info/blog

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Newest--This Year (2025)

November 22, 2025  Keeping Teams Positive, Perceptive, and Productive: Five Leadership Practices That Build Sustainable, High-Performing Educational Teams

November 8, 2025  The Denial of Dreams: Disproportionate School Discipline is about Discrimination, Not DEI

October 25, 2025  Reflecting on the Mirror of Autism: Living in a World that Barely Makes Sense

October 11, 2025  Students Need "Learner's Permits" for Social Media Access: Decreasing Mental Health, Bullying, and School Shooting Risks

September 20, 2025  Chronic Absenteeism and the “Five Why’s”: Stop Chasing Symptoms and Start Tackling Solutions

September 6, 2025  Students’ Mental Health Challenges: What They Say, What Schools and Adults Miss, and Why AI Isn’t the Answer

August 23, 2025  Beyond Overwhelmed: How AI Can Empower Administratively-Taxed School Leaders

August 9, 2025  Improving School Climate and Student Engagement: The Final Piece of (and Assembling) the School Success Puzzle (Part V)

July 26, 2025  Evaluating the Essential Characteristics of Staff Cohesion and Collaboration: Assessing This Summer What You Want to See This Fall (Part IV)

July 12, 2025  The Characteristics of an Effective Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS): What You Need to Assess to Ensure Your Fall Success (Part III)

June 28, 2025  School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management: The Summer Preparations Needed for Excellence This Fall (Part II)

June 7, 2025  Preparing for Excellence This Coming School Year: Strategic Summer Planning to Transform Classroom Instruction (Part I)

May 17, 2025  Understanding Seizure Types, Causes, and Connections to Stress and Brain Injury: Connecting Students’ Sensory and Neurological Functioning with School Learning, Socialization, and Disabilities (Part III)

May 3, 2025  Connecting Students’ Sensory and Neurological Functioning with School Learning, Socialization, and Disabilities (Part II): Differentiating Headaches and Four Different Types of Migraines

April 19, 2025  Connecting Students’ Sensory and Neurological Functioning with School Learning, Socialization, and Disabilities: A Primer on Vision, Hearing, and Respiratory/Nasal Functioning (Part I)

April 5, 2025  Five Essential Skill Sets for Middle and High School Students During Uncertain Times: Future-Proofing Their School Success— Now and After Graduation

March 22, 2025  Essential Strategies for Educational Leaders During Uncertain Times: Future-Proofing Your School(s) for Today’s Sweeping Changes

March 8, 2025  The “Charlie Brown” Reality of Race and DEI in Education: How the Trump Administration is Creating Fear by Using “Ready-Fire-Aim” Tactics

February 22, 2025  Repelling a Wolf Attack on Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Protecting Everyone When Chance Events Result in Life-Defining Disabilities

February 8, 2025  Minimizing Classroom Distractions to Maximize Student Learning: Building Walls to Buffer Politics, Phones, Prejudice, and Preferential Treatment

January 25, 2025  Students’ Behavior is NOT Improving. . . But It Can: Classroom Management Lessons for Teachers from the Detroit Lions’ Shocking Playoff Loss

January 11, 2025  While You Can Write a Student’s Individualized Education Plan. . . It (Legally) Needs to be Acceptable, Actionable, and Appropriate

2024

December 28, 2024  Education’s 2024 Year in Review: The Themes that Captured Our Time, Attention, Concern, and Consternation

December 7, 2024  Improving Special Education Services for our Students: What the New Administration Must Do on this 20th Anniversary of IDEA 2004

November 23, 2024  School Improvement Requires Changing Thinking, Not Just Changing Programs: The “Moneyball Thinking” Needed in Education

November 9, 2024  Delegating Duties and Decisions in a Shared Leadership School: Avoiding Staff Reservations or Resentment

October 19, 2024  Speed Counts When Making Successful Changes Across Your District or School—When to Go Slow and When to Go Fast

October 5, 2024  Breaking Down the Wall Between General and Special Education Teachers in Our Schools: How Organizational Missteps Create Classroom Barriers

September 21, 2024  Research Teases Out the Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences. . . But Many Educators Still Don’t Understand Social-Emotional Screeners, and the Limitations of ACEs-Only Assessments

September 7, 2024  How Fad or Flawed School Programs Increase Poor Teacher Morale and Resistance to Change: When Education Keeps Adopting the Same Shaky Stuff, It Will Keep Getting Repeated Rocky Results (Part V)

August 24, 2024  Students' Health, Mental Health, and Well-Being Worsens Over the Past 10 Years: Summary of the August 2024 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Report (Part IV)

August 10, 2024  Will Your School “Win the Gold” for Your Students This Year? Why the U.S. Women’s Gold Medal Olympic Gymnastics Team is a Model for All Schools (Part III)

July 27, 2024  Are Schools Really Prepared to Address Educators’ Biggest Behavioral Student Concerns Right Now? “We’ve Got Serious Problems and We Need Serious People” (Part II)

July 13, 2024  The Seven Sure Solutions for Continuous Student and School Success: “If You Don’t Know Where You’re Going, Any Road Will Get You There” (Part I)

June 22, 2024  Does Your School’s SEL Program Teach Social Skill Behaviors, or Just Talk About What Students “Should Do”? If We Taught Reading the Way We Teach SEL, None of Our Students Would Learn How to Read

June 8, 2024  Revisiting Title IX’s Sexual Harassment Requirements While Avoiding Secondary Victimization: A Procedural Primer. Why Do Too Many Districts Not Know (or Abdicate) their Responsibilities?

May 25, 2024  Increasing Student Engagement: The New School Year Begins Before this “Old” Year Ends. How to Prepare and What Needs to be Done

May 11, 2024  When a School’s Multi-Tiered System of Supports Needs Support: How Do You Motivate Educators and Avoid Educational Malpractice?

April 27, 2024  Social Media and the “Double-Edged” Sword of Damocles: Survival Rests on Humility, Self-Control, and the Principles of Public Relations

April 13, 2024  Laundromats, Lawyers, Learning Loss, and Life: An Autobiographical Day in Education

March 30, 2024  How Cognitive Biases Affect Student Perceptions and Educator Decisions: Making the Unconscious, Conscious and the Implicit, Explicit

March 16, 2024  Helping Schools Pick and Implement the Best Evidence-Based Programs: Avoiding Mistakes, Best Practices, and Pilot Projects (Part II)

February 24, 2024  What Super Bowl Commercials Teach Education About Media and Product Literacy: The Language and Process that Helps Schools Vet New Products and Interventions (Part I)

February 10, 2024  Michigan Mother Found Guilty of Manslaughter in Her Son’s School Shooting: Should Schools Lean-In to Hold Parents More Accountable for their Children’s Behavior?

January 27, 2024  Strategies for Safe, Productive Classroom Conversations on Race, Religion, and National/ World Events: It’s Not If, It Should Be When

January 13, 2024  While Grades May Be Meaningful, It’s Still About the Skills. “Resolving” to Recognize that Report Cards are Less Meaningful than Student Mastery

2023

December 30, 2023  A 2023 Review of Education’s Most (De)Pressing Issues: Productive Practices to Address the Pressure Points in Your District or School

December 9, 2023  The Over-Simplification of Education: When Evidence-based Practices are Diluted, They No Longer are Evidence-Based

November 25, 2023  Too Many Schools are Teaching Students to Control their Emotions. . . the Wrong Way! Because They Don’t Understand the Science, They Won’t Succeed in the Practice

November 11, 2023  Solving Schools' Most Persistent Problems: Safety and Mental Health Services, Discipline and Disproportionality, Special Education Litigation, and Staffing Shortages. Solutions from Four Recent Education Talk Radio Interviews

October 21, 2023  Bringing Justness to Terrorism, Murder, History, and Heartbreak: It’s Not Alright (Part II—A Eulogy of Resolve)

October 7, 2023  What Boston’s Battle for Integration, Anne Frank, and the Little Rock Nine Can Teach a Divided Country: A Personal Reflection on Why Black Lives, History, and Education Matter

September 23, 2023  Twelve Critical Components for (Continuous) School, Staff, and Student Improvement: Motivation Cannot Compensate for a System with Systemic Deficits

September 9, 2023  Seven Suggestions to Help Districts Avoid Special Education Hearings: A Short-Term Win May Be a Long-Term Loss

August 26, 2023  Research Does Not Support Growth Mindset Strategies in the Classroom: How “Culturally Fluent Ideas” Influence Educators to Waste Time, Money, Resources, and Good Faith

August 5, 2023  When High School Students Have Significant Academic Gaps: More Concerns and Common Sense Solutions “When State Policy Undermines Effective School Practice” (Letters to the Editor)

July 22, 2023  When School Policy Undermines Effective Practice: Too Much of Anything Often Results in Nothing (or Worse)

July 8, 2023  Is the Restorative Discipline Bandwagon Rolling Back? Five Reasons Why Its Roll-Out Wasn’t Warranted in the First Place

June 24, 2023  New Paths to Address Disproportionate Discipline with Black Students: New Directives, Research, Solutions, and Another Example of Racial Hate

June 10, 2023  Using “Flipped Learning” in a School’s Professional Development Initiative: Engaging Teachers and Support Staff in Outcome-Based PD—Even in a Virtual World

May 27, 2023  Ensuring that Post-Tenure Teachers Remain Actively Engaged as Collaborative Contributors in their Schools: Aligning the Seven Areas of Continuous School Improvement to Teacher Leadership and Advancement (Part IV)

May 13, 2023  Maintaining Teacher Motivation and Effectiveness After Tenure: Accountability, Growth, Coaching, and Continuous Improvement (Part III)

April 29, 2023  Teacher Induction and “Tenure with Teeth”: Improving Hiring and Staffing in a Nation Where Teaching is At Risk (Part II)

April 8, 2023  Improving Hiring and Staffing in a Nation Where Teaching is At Risk: If Student Success Depends on Teachers, Why is the Selection Process so Simplistic? (Part I)

March 25, 2023  How the “System” Forces Schools into Decisions that Harm Struggling Students: The “Groundhog Day” Impact of Fear on Staff Mental Health and Job Retention

March 11, 2023  Judy Heumann, Special Education’s History of Litigation, and the Continuing Fight: Complacency and Defensiveness Still Stand in the Way of Students with Disabilities’ Rights

February 25, 2023  Solutions for Selectively Mute Students and Educators: The Long-Term Adverse Educational Effects When Inappropriate Behavior is Ignored

February 11, 2023  Was a First Grade Virginia Teacher Shot Because Her Student was Denied Special Education Services? What School Administrators Face that State Departments of Education Ignore

January 28, 2023  Why “Do” SEL If It Doesn’t Improve Student Behavior in the Classroom and Across the School: Focusing on Individual and Group Skills to Enhance Student Engagement and Cooperative Group Outcomes

January 14, 2023  Ebony and Ivory: Education’s “Racial Divide” Cannot be Crossed Until We Can “Talk Like Friends”

2022

December 31, 2022  Reviewing the Challenges of 2022: The Need for Improvement in the Midst of Academic Gaps, Discipline and SEL Problems, School Shootings, and Continued Disproportionality

November 26, 2022  How to Create High-Performing, Collaborative Teams of Staff in Schools: No Woman/Man is an Island

November 12, 2022  Teaching Students Needed Academic and Social-Emotional Skills: We Need to Sweat the Small Stuff

October 29, 2022  The Three Keys to Closing Students’ Academic and Social-Emotional Gaps: Strategic Planning, Proven SEL Strategies, and Student-Centered Multi-Tiered Services and Supports

October 15, 2022  Emotionally Responding to a Crisis: Short-Term, Long-Term, Adults, and Children. Fight, Flight, Freeze, Resilience, and Resolve

October 1, 2022  Reflecting on My 50th High School Reunion and What I’ve Learned about Life and Life in Education: A Poetic Sequel to “American Pie”

September 10, 2022  The Academic and Social-Emotional Impact of Multiple Moves on Students in Poverty. The Stress We Feel When Moving is Exponentially Higher for Disadvantaged Students

August 27, 2022  Generation C (COVID) is Entering School with Significant Language, Academic, and Social Delays. The Pressure on Our Preschool and Kindergarten Programs to Act NOW

August 6, 2022  Closing the (Pandemic?) Reading Gap in Our Schools: We Need to Link Sound Assessment with Strategic Intervention. How One New Federal Status Report (and Three Popular Press Articles) May Lead Educators Astray

July 23, 2022  Should the U.S. Supreme Court Limit the Powers of the U.S. Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP)? How OSEP Has Taken “Liberties” with the Law, and Spent Tax-Payers’ Money on Flawed Frameworks

July 9, 2022  Reviewing Three New Studies on Student Discipline, Disproportionate Office Referrals, and Racial Inequity. It’s Not about School Shootings! It’s about Recognizing What Needs to Change in our Classrooms

June 25, 2022  In Order to Improve. . . Schools Need to Understand How to Improve. School Improvement Begins with Principles before Principals: Paying It Forward

June 11, 2022  Why School Shootings should be Considered Extreme Events along the Social-Emotional Learning Continuum. . . And Why Schools Need to Conduct SEL Audits and Needs Assessments to Decrease the Future Risks

May 26, 2022  How Many More Children Need to be Gunned Down in our Schools and on our Streets? A Historical Plea to Protect our Children from the Politics of Polarization

May 14, 2022   Reconceptualizing Professional Development for the Coming School Year: Moving Away from Fly-by, “Spray and Pray,” and Awareness-Only Training

April 30, 2022  Using Effective Practices to Screen and Validate Students’ Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Status: Finding, Sorting, Analyzing, and Synthesizing the (Right) Data (Part II)

April 16, 2022   YES: Teachers Should Help Screen Students for Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges. NO: That’s NOT Where the Screening Process Ends. Schools Must Use Effective Practices to Screen and then Validate Students’ Mental Health Status (Part I)

March 26, 2022  Students Understand Social “Reality” Only When They Can Socially Analyze Multiple Realities. Are Students Prepared When Personality and Power Control, Misrepresent, or Lie About the Truth?

March 5, 2022  Fitting Social Skills Instruction into the School Day: Necessity, Priority, Fidelity, and the Secondary School Advisory Period. Effective Planning, Execution, and Accountability are Essential to SEL Success

February 19, 2022  The SEL Secret to Success: You Need to “Stop & Think” and “Make Good Choices.” Helping Students Learn and Demonstrate Emotional Control, Communication, and Coping

February 5, 2022  Why Do They Keep Trying to “Validate” Restorative Practices with Lousy (or Worse) Data? More Proof that Schools Need to Avoid Restorative (Justice) Programs and Practices

January 22, 2022  (Pandemic-Related?) Behavioral Challenges and Student Violence in Our Schools Today: Preparing for Action by Pursuing the Principles Needed for Assessment and Intervention

January  8, 2022   Educators Need to Deal with Reality by Facing, Analyzing, and then Changing Reality. The Damage Done When We Ignore, Lie About, Misinterpret, Sugar-Coat, or Surrealize Reality

2021

December 18, 2021  The Blog-Year in Review: Politics and the Pandemic, SEL and MTSS, Race and Disproportionality. Learning from the Past to Improve Student Outcomes in the Future

December 4, 2021  Will the Controversy Over Critical Race Theory Damage Students’ Pursuit to Better Understand Cultural, Racial, and Individual Differences? Is Our Nation At-Risk. . . for Different Reasons than in 1983?

November 20, 2021  What Do Race, Reading, Billy Joel, and Jeopardy Have in Common with our Nation’s Students? They are All Putting our Nation’s Students At-Risk

November 6, 2021  The Current State of SEL in our Schools: The Frenzy, the Flaws, and the Fads. If the Goal is to Teach Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills, Why are We Getting on the Wrong Trains Headed “West”? (Part II)

October 23, 2021  Addressing Students’ SEL Pandemic Needs by Addressing their SEL Universal Needs: What Social, Emotional, Attributional, and Behavioral Skills Do ALL Students Need from an SEL Initiative? (Part I)

October 9, 2021  A Setting is NOT an Intervention: It’s Where the Real Intervention Has the Highest Probability of Success. It’s Not WHERE We Put Students and Staff, It’s WHAT We Do When They’re There.

September 25, 2021  How Have Districts Tried and Failed to Eliminate Disproportionate Discipline Rates for Students of Color and With Disabilities? It’s Not About the Plan, It’s About What’s IN the Plan. . .  The Most Frequently Recommended Strategies Do Not Work

September 11, 2021  A Review of the BEST Resource to Guide Your School’s Instruction of the Whole Child: Connecting the Pandemic Needs of Your Students with Strategic Actions Supported by American Rescue Plan Funding

August 28, 2021  Disproportionate School Discipline, and How Long-Term Suspensions Don’t Work and Don’t Improve Classroom Conditions When Students are Gone: The Numbers Don’t Lie, But Are They Enough to Prompt Change? (An Unexpected Series Part III)

August 14, 2021  The Components Needed to Eliminate Disproportionate School Discipline Referrals and Suspensions for Students of Color Do Not Require Anti-Bias Training: Behind Every Iron Chef is an Iron-Clad Recipe (Part II)

July 31, 2021  The Critical Common Sense Components Needed to Eliminate Disproportionate School Discipline Referrals and Suspensions for Students of Color: This is NOT About Critical Race Theory (But We Discuss It) (Part I)

July 10, 2021  Reconsidering or Rejecting SEL/Character Education, Meditation/Mindfulness/Trauma-Informed, and Restorative Justice Programs: Put on Your Hard Hat and Bring Your Lunch Pail (Part II)

June 26, 2021  Reconsidering or Rejecting Collective Teacher Efficacy and the Acceleration of Students Who are Academically Behind: Take the Bus, Get Off the Bandwagon (Part I)

June 5, 2021  Maximizing Meeting Participation and Productivity: Is Everyone “Bringing It” to Your (Virtual or In-Person) Meeting? Why Be There if You’re Not There?

May 22, 2021  Sustaining Student Outcomes Beyond the Pandemic: Where Districts Need to Allocate Their American Rescue Plan (2021) Funds.  Lessons Learned from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009)

May 1, 2021  Addressing Students’ Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Needs: All is Not What it Appears to Be. Remembering Bob Slavin and Applying his Legacy

April 17, 2021  Reconciling “Civil Liberty” Claims that Compromise Public Health and Student Welfare: When a “Me-First” Perspective Undermines Our “We-First” Needs

April 3, 2021   Why Schools Need to Evaluate and Validate Before They Select and Direct (Their New Federal Funds to Services and Interventions). Be Cautious—What We Don’t Know about Student Mental Health and the Pandemic

March 20, 2021  A Consumer Alert: Student Awareness Does Not Usually Change Student Behavior. Do We Need to Dig a Moat Around CASEL’s Approach to Social-Emotional Learning (SEL)?

March 6, 2021   A Pandemic Playbook to Organize Your Pandemic Strategies Now and to Prepare for the 2021-2022 School Year: Where We’ve Been and What You Should Do

February 20, 2021   The Pandemic, Students’ Academic Performance, and Preparing for the Rest of the School Year: Helping Teachers Prioritize Their Efforts, Emotions, and Efficacy

February 6, 2021  Implementing Effective Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports during a Pandemic: Upgrading Your Academic and Social-Emotional Prevention, Assessment, and Interventions. It’s Not Your Fault...

January 23, 2021  An Inaugural Poem for the Ages Challenges All Educators as the Torch is Passed: A Lesson Plan to Help School Staff Become Part of the Solution

January 9, 2021   Analyzing, Understanding, and Changing Extreme Behavior: In the Capitol and In the Classroom. It’s Never as Easy as We Think or Want

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2020

December 19, 2020  Putting the “Power of Three” to Work for Your Students, Staff, Schools, or Systems: The Three Hours during Your Holiday Break that You Need to Succeed in 2021

December 5, 2020  Training Racial Bias Out of Teachers: Who Ever Said that We Could? Will the Fact that In-Service Programs Cannot Eliminate Implicit Bias Create a Bias Toward Inaction?

November 21, 2020   Curbing the Pandemic Slide by Putting the Right Students into the Right Instructional Groups. Which Peas are You Going to Put in Your Pandemic Pod? (Part II)

November 7, 2020  It’s Not About the Size of the Pandemic Slide—It’s About Where to Start Teaching. During a Crisis, You Have to Change the Definition of Success (Part I)

October 24, 2020  Classroom Management and Students’ (Virtual) Academic Engagement and Learning:  Don’t Depend on Teacher Training Programs. Districts Need to Re-conceptualize their School Discipline Approaches—For Equity, Excellence, and Effectiveness

October 10, 2020  The Pandemic is No Longer an Educational Crisis—It is a Catastrophic Opportunity for School Improvement. Using Catastrophes to Create Change: We Need to Innovate When We Renovate

September 26, 2020  The Seven High-Hit Reasons for Students’ Challenging Behavior: Functional Behavioral Assessment and Why Schools Don’t Climb into the 21st Century. When Personal Agendas Overrule Effective Professional Practices

September 5, 2020  Celebrating Our Labors on Labor Day . . . While Recognizing the Contribution of White Privilege

August 22, 2020  How Would Covey Organize an SEL School Initiative?  Strategically Planning for the Usual and the Unusual

August 8, 2020  Why Stress-Informed Schools Must Precede Trauma-Informed Schools: When We Address Student Stress First, We Begin to Impact Trauma. . . If It Exists

July 25, 2020  Identifying Students with Back-to-School Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Needs: How to Screen Without Screening.  In Uncommon Times, Uncommon Sense is Best

July 11, 2020  Do Black and Students with Disabilities’ Lives Matter to the U.S. Department of Education? Institutional Bias, Power-Based Decisions, and Ineffective Practices?

June 27, 2020  Teaching in this Fall’s Post-Pandemic World:  Addressing the Academic Needs of the “Way High” and “Way Low” Students. For Some Students, There Will Be No COVID-19 Slide (Part II)

June 13, 2020  Using Valid Assessments of Students’ Functional Literacy, Math, and Language Arts Skills to Instructionally Group Students this Fall: The Importance of Assessing—NOT Guessing—Each Student’s COVID-19 Slide (Part I)

May 30, 2020  Preparing NOW to Address Students’ Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Needs Before They Transition Back to School: Let’s Use Caring and Common Sense as Our Post-Pandemic Guides (A Bonus Podcast Included) (Part II)

May 16, 2020  Why is Education Week Sensationalizing Student Trauma During this Pandemic? Will Schools Re-Open Without Pathologizing their Students' Emotional Needs? (Part I)

April 25, 2020  How to Organize, Survive, and Thrive During Your School Re-Opening: The Pandemic Power of Three. How Understanding Small School Districts Can Help the Larger Ones

April 11, 2020   The Pandemic Unearths the Raw Reality of Educational Inequity and Disparity:  COVID-19 Forces Us to Realize We Need to Change the Village

March 28, 2020  Rethinking Your Personal, Professional, and Partnership Goals During CoVid-19’s “Lifestyle Sequestration":  Disruptive Innovation and Redefining What is Truly Important

March 14, 2020  Underachieving, Unresponsive, Unsuccessful, Disabled, and Failing Readers.  Diagnostic Assessment Must Link to Intervention: If We Don’t Know “Why,” We Can’t Know “What” (Part II)

February 29, 2020  Literacy Instruction and Student Reading Proficiency:  The Multi-Tiered Whole Must be Greater than the Sum of Its Disconnected Parts.  How a Comprehensive Blueprint Prevents Isolated Solutions and Inconsistent Results (Part I)

February 15, 2020   Did a Misguided U.S. Department of Education E-mail “Confirm” Its Improper Favoritism of the PBIS Framework?  Using the School Climate Transformation Grant to Misrepresent, Re-Brand, and Strong-Arm Educators toward Only PBIS Consultants

January 25, 2020  Mindfulness & Meditation Will NOT Change Students’ Emotional Volatility or Immediate Reactions to Trauma.  The Neurological Science Does Not Add Up—Another Fad & More Wasted Time in Pursuit of a Silver Bullet (Part II)

January 11, 2020  Trauma-Informed Schools: New Research Study Says “There’s No Research.”  Schools “Hitch-Up” to Another Bandwagon that is Wasting Time and Delaying Recommended Scientifically-Proven Services (Part I)

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2019

December 21, 2019  The Year in Review (Part II):  Schools’ Pursuit of Effective School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management Strategies.  Prevention, Disproportionality, Trauma, and Seclusions & Restraints

December 7, 2019  The Year in Review (Part I):  Schools’ Pursuit of Academic Achievement and Student Proficiency.  Curriculum, Instruction, Intervention, and Equity

November 23, 2019   Maybe It’s the (Lack of) Money that Explains the Relationship Between Black-White Achievement Gaps and Disproportionate Disciplinary Suspensions?  Analyzing the Results of a New National Study: Why Some “Two-Dimensional Problems” Need “Three-Dimensional Thinking”

November 9, 2019  Closing Secondary Students’ Significant Academic Skill Gaps: Teach at Their Grade Level or Their Skill Level?  Reviewing Two Recent Studies of Math Deficient Students (Part II)

October 12, 2019   The Traps and Trouble with “Trauma Sensitive” Schools:  Most Approaches Are Not Scientifically-Based, Field-Tested, Validated, or Multi-Tiered.  A National Education Talk Radio Interview (Free Link Included) Puts it All into Perspective

September 28, 2019  Closing Academic Gaps in Middle and High School:  When Students Enroll without Mastering Elementary Prerequisites. The MTSS Dilemma—Differentiate at the Grade Level or Remediate at the Student Skill Level? (Part I)

September 14, 2019  Inequities in the Distribution of School Funds to Individual Students Revisited:  Required Transparency, ESEA/IDEA Funding Flexibility, and Multi-Tiered Efficacy.  Reminding Schools of their Responsibilities and Possibilities

August 31, 2019   As Cyberbullying Increases, Positive School Climate Decreases:  Student Involvement Must Be Part of the Solution. . . How to Do It

August 17, 2019   Aren’t Schools with Positive, Safe Climates Already “Trauma Sensitive”?  Unmasking the ACEs, and Helping Students Manage their Emotions in School

July 27, 2019  An Open Letter to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Regarding Its Report, Beyond Suspensions: Examining School Discipline Policies.  Begin with the End in Mind:  It’s about Root Causes and Intervention—Not About Policies or Positions

July 13, 2019 Revisiting the School Seclusion and Restraint Epidemic:  The Federal Government Says It's Worse than Thought.  While the Numbers are Important, We Need to Focus on the Reasons and Solutions

June 30, 2019   Analyzing Your School Discipline Data Now . . . to Prepare for the New School Year (Part III):  Conducting “Special Situation Analyses” for Your Hallways, Bathrooms, Buses, Playgrounds, and Cafeteria

June 15, 2019   Analyzing Your School Discipline Data Now . . . to Prepare for the New School Year:  Conducting “Special Situation Analyses” for Common School Areas and Peer-Related Anti-Social Behavior  (Part II)

June 3, 2019  Analyzing Your School Discipline Data and Your SEL (PBIS or School Discipline) Program: Students’ Discipline Problems are Increasing Nationally Despite Widespread SEL/PBIS Use (Part I)

May 20, 2019  The Journey toward Real School Equity:  Students’ Needs Should Drive Student Services … and Funding (Part II).  The Beginning of the Next School Year Starts Now: The “Get-Go Process”

April 27, 2019   Solving Student Crises in the Context of School Inequity:  The Case for “Core-Plus District Funding” (Part I).  When Schools Struggle with Struggling Students:  “We Didn’t Start the Fire”

April 13, 2019  How Hattie’s Research Helps (and Doesn’t Help) Improve Student Achievement.  Hattie Discusses What to Consider, Not How to Implement It . . . More Criticisms, Critiques, and Contexts

March 30, 2019  The Art of Doubling Down:  How the U.S. Department of Education Creates Grant Programs to Fund and Validate its own Frameworks.  Call Congress:  The Tainting of RtI, PBIS, MTSS, and SEL

March 16, 2019  States Take Note: How to Really Address the School Seclusion and Restraint Epidemic.  What State Departments of Education Need to Learn If Using PBIS to “Solve” This Problem (Part II)

March 2, 2019  Congress Take Note: How to Really Address the School Seclusion and Restraint Epidemic.  The U.S. Department of Education Keeps Pushing PBIS, but PBIS Ain’t Got Nothing to Give (Part I)

February 16, 2019  Redesigning Multi-Tiered Services in Schools:  Redefining the Tiers and the Difference between Services and Interventions

January 26, 2019  New Rand Corporation Study Finds Restorative Practices Produce Mixed and Underwhelming Results:  But Some Publications are “Spinning” the Outcomes and Twisting these Results

January 12, 2019  The School Year in Review: Successful School Safety and Equity in School Discipline (Part II).  Putting Politics Aside to Protect our Kids—A Review of the Federal Commission’s School Safety Report

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2018

December 22, 2018  The School Year in Review:  Choosing High-Success Academic and Behavioral Strategies (Part I).  Committing to Educational Excellence by Learning from Hattie’s and SEL’s Limitations

December 8, 2018  Reconsidering What Effective High Schools Do, and What Failing High Schools Miss:  Credit Recovery Programs Should be Strategic, Selective, Student-Focused, and Not the Only Game in Town

November 25, 2018  It’s Not Too Late to Change: The School Year’s Not Even Half Over.  Why Schools Fail to Act When their Students Fail

November 10, 2018  The SEL-ing of Social-Emotional Learning:  Education’s Newest Bandwagon. . . Science-to-Practice Goals, Flaws, and Cautions (Part II).  Why Schools Need to Re-Think, Re-Evaluate, Re-Load, and Re-Boot

October 27, 2018  Looking for District/School Partners: Collaborating on a U.S. Department of Education "School Climate Transformation Grant" Proposal.  How this Five-Year Grant Can Support Your School's Climate & Student Discipline Needs

October 13, 2018  Social-Emotional Learning:  Education’s Newest Bandwagon. . . and the History of How We Got There (Part I).  Why Most Schools are not Implementing Scientifically-Sound Practices—Wasting Time and Resources

September 22, 2018  The U.S. Department of Education Wants to “Rethink Special Education,” But Is It Willing to Look at Itself First?  The Department Needs to Change at the “Top” in Order to Successfully Impact the “Bottom”

September 8, 2018   Preventing School Shootings and Violence. . .  States Not Waiting for the Federal Commission on School Safety Report:  The Guidance You Need is Here and Available

August 18, 2018   Students’ Mental Health Status, and School Safety, Discipline, and Disproportionality:  An Anthology of Previous Blogs.  Integrating Successful Research-to-Practice Strategies into the New School Year  (Part II of II)

August 4, 2018   School Improvement, Strategic Planning, ESEA, and Multi-Tiered Services:  An Anthology of Previous Blogs.  Integrating Successful Research-to-Practice Strategies into the New School Year (Part I of II)

July 21, 2018    Hattie Haters and Lovers:  Both Still Miss the Effective Implementation that Practitioners Need.  Critical Questions to Ask your “Hattie Consultant” Before You Sign the Contract

July 7, 2018    Elementary School Principals’ Biggest Concern:  Addressing Students’ Behavior and Emotional Problems.  The Solution? Project ACHIEVE’s Multi-Tiered, Evidence-Based Roadmap to Success

June 26, 2018   Learning from Another Gates Failure:  It's Not Just the Money--It's What You Accomplish with It.  How to Spend ESEA's Title IV Money Wisely

June 4, 2018   Making Mountains Out of Molehills:  Mindfulness and Growth Mindsets.  Critical Research Questions the Impact of Both

May 23, 2018   Solving the Disproportionate School Discipline Referral Dilemma:  When will Districts and Schools Commit to the Long-term Solutions?  There are No Silver Bullets—Only Science to Preparation to Implementation to Evaluation to Celebration (Part III)

May 5, 2018    Decreasing Disproportionate School Discipline Actions with Black, Male, and Special Education Students:  A Roadmap to Success.  Taking a Hard Look at Our Practices, Our Interactions, and Ourselves (Part II)

April 15, 2018    New Federal Government Report Finds that Disproportionate School Discipline Actions Persist with Black, Male, and Special Education Students:  Manipulating Policy, Buying Programs, and Following Federally-Funded Technical Assistance Centers Do Not Work (Part I)

March 25, 2018   School Climate, Student Voice, On-Campus Shootings, and now Corporal Punishment???  Listening to Students—When They Make Sense; and Not Listening to Students—When They’re Ready to Kill (Part III)

March 10, 2018   School Shootings, Comprehensive Prevention, Mandatory (Mental Health) Reporting, and Standardized Threat Assessments:  What Schools, Staff, and Students Need to Do, and the Help that They Need to Do It (Part II)

February 24, 2018   School Shootings:  History Keeps Repeating Itself. . . What We Already Know, and What Schools, Staff, and Students Need to Do (Part I)

February 10, 2018   The Folly and Frustration of Evaluating Schools and Staff Based on the Progress of Students with Significant Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Challenges:  Understanding the Student, Home, and Community Factors that Impact Challenging Students

January 28, 2018   How Strategic Planning and Organizational Development is Done by Every School . . . Every Year:  An Introduction to Successful School-based Strategic Planning Science-to-Practice [Part II of II]

January 13, 2018   Every School is in “School Improvement” Every Year:  Preparing for ESEA/ESSA--What Effective Schools Do to Continuously Improve . . . and What Ineffective Schools Need to do to Significantly Improve [Part I of II]

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2017

December 27, 2017   The Year in Review:  What We’ve Learned about Effective Educational Practices to Increase Student, Staff, and School Success. . . Reflections on Policies, Practices, Pronouncements, and Progress

December 2, 2017   Teaching Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Self-Management Skills to All Students:  The Cognitive-Behavioral Science Underlying the Success of The Stop & Think Social Skills Program. . . Don’t We Really Just Want Students to “Stop & Think”?   [Part III of III]

November 18, 2017   Teaching Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Self-Management Skills to All Students:  The Cognitive-Behavioral Science Underlying the Success of The Stop & Think Social Skills Program. . . Don’t We Really Just Want Students to “Stop & Think”?   [Part II of III]

November 4, 2017   New Article Again Debunks “Mindfulness” in Schools:  Teaching Emotional and Behavioral Self-Management through Cognitive-Behavioral Science and The Stop & Think Social Skills Program. . . Don’t We Really Just Want Students to “Stop & Think”?   [Part I of III]

October 21, 2017   Improving Student Outcomes When Your State Department of Education Has Adopted the Failed National MTSS and PBIS Frameworks:  Effective Research-to-Practice Multi-Tiered Approaches that Facilitate All Students' Success (Part II of II)

October 7, 2017   Improving Student Outcomes When Your State Department of Education Has Adopted the Failed National MTSS and PBIS Frameworks:  Effective and Defensible Multi-Tiered and Positive Behavioral Support Approaches that State Departments of Education Will Approve and Fund (Part I of II)

September 25, 2017   Hattie’s Meta-Analysis Madness:  The Method is Missing !!!   Why Hattie’s Research is a Starting-Point, but NOT the End-Game for Effective Schools  (Part III of III)

September 9, 2017   “Scientifically based” versus “Evidence-based” versus “Research-based”—Oh, my!!!  Making Effective Programmatic Decisions:  Why You Need to Know the History and Questions Behind these Terms (Part II of III)

August 26, 2017   The Top Ten Ways that Educators Make Bad, Large-Scale Programmatic Decisions:  The Hazards of ESEA/ESSA’s Freedom and Flexibility at the State and Local Levels (Part I of III)

August 12, 2017   Back to the Future:  What My High School Reunion Reminded Me about High School Reform. . . The Non-Academic Essentials for High School Students’ Success

July 29, 2017   School Climate and Safety, and School Discipline and Classroom Management:  A Summer Review of My Previous Blogs in these Areas (Part IV of IV)

July 15, 2017   Students’ Mental Health Status and Wellness, and School Discipline and Disproportionality:  A Summer Review of My Previous Blogs in these Areas (Part III of IV)

July 1, 2017   The New Every Student Succeeds Act (ESEA/ESSA), and Multi-Tiered and Special Education Services:  A Summer Review of My Previous Blogs in these Areas (Part II of IV)

June 17, 2017   School Improvement, Strategic Planning, and Effective School and Schooling Policies and Practices:  A Summer Review of My Previous Blogs in these Areas (Part I of IV)

June 4, 2017    Effective School-wide Discipline Approaches: Avoiding Educational Bandwagons that Promise the Moon, Frustrate Staff, and Potentially Harm Students. . .  Implementation Science and Systematic Practice versus Pseudoscience, Menu-Driven Frameworks, and “Convenience Store” Implementation

May 14, 2017    The Endrew F. Decision Re-Defines a “Free Appropriate Public Education" (FAPE) for Students with Disabilities:  A Multi-Tiered School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management Model to Guide Your FAPE (and even Disproportionality) Decisions (Part III)

April 22, 2017    The Endrew F. Decision Re-Defines a “Free Appropriate Public Education" (FAPE) for Students with Disabilities:  A Multi-Tiered Academic Instruction-to-Intervention Model to Guide Your FAPE Decisions (Part II)

April 2, 2017    Special Education Services Just Got Easier. . . and Harder:  The Supreme Court's Endrew F. Decision Re-Defines a “Free Appropriate Public Education” for Students with Disabilities (Part I)

March 18, 2017    What Happens When School Leaders Make Decisions Not for the Greater Good, but for the Greater Peace:  “You Can Please Some of the People Some of the Time. . . But You Can’t Please All of the People All of the Time”

March 5, 2017    The Revolving Door of the Superintendency:  A Case Study on Resetting the Course of a School District. . . When Mission, Vision, and Values Count More than Resources, Requirements, and Results

February 19, 2017   Federal and State Policies ARE NOT Eliminating Teasing and Bullying in Our Schools:  Teasing and Bullying is Harming our Students Psychologically and Academically—Here’s How to Change this Epidemic through Behavioral Science and Evidence-based Practices

February 4, 2017   ESEA/ESSA, School Improvement, Race/Ethnic Status, and Students with Disabilities:  We Need to Differentiate Disability Just as We Differentiate Race and Ethnicity

January 22, 2017   ESEA/ESSA Tells Schools and Districts: Build Your Own Multi-Tier System of Supports for Your Students’ Needs--- Focus on Your Principles, Students, and Staff. . .and Verify the ESEA/ESSA “Guidance” Advocated by Some National Groups

January 7, 2017    Education Week Series on RtI Highlights Kentucky/Appalachian Mountain Grant Site’s Successful School Discipline Program:  An Overview of the Scientific Components Behind this Success, and a Free Implementation Guide for Those Who Want to Follow

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2016

December 18, 2016    What the Next Director of the U.S. Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) Needs to Do:  My “First 100 Days” if I was Appointed the New OSEP Director

November 27, 2016   When Character Education Programs Do Not Work:  Creating “Awareness” Does NOT CHANGE “Behavior” . . .  TEACHING Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills Requires Behavioral Instruction

November 13, 2016   Beating Kids in Schools:  How Corporal Punishment Reinforces Bias, Violence, Trauma, Poor Social Problem-Solving, and the Fallacy of Intervention. . .  The Alternative?  Eliminate Corporal Punishment by Preventing its Need, and Implementing Interventions that Actually Change Student Behavior

October 31, 2016   Braiding Five Critical Concerns for Children:  Reading Instruction, Grade Retention, Skill Remediation, Response-to-Intervention, and Chronic Absences. . . Why Effective Practice Needs to Dictate Good Policy (Rather than the Other Way Around)

October 14, 2016  National Policies, State Procedures, and Local Practices:  Avoiding Untested Traps and Unhelpful Trends... Links to My “Most-Liked” Blogs:  Effective Practice, Questionable Policies, and Unproven Bandwagons

September 25, 2016   U.S. Department of Education Reminds Educators about Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports for Students with Disabilities:  But. . . Watch Out for Their Recommendations and References

September 5, 2016   Political Doublespeak, Students with Disabilities, and Common Sense:  A Legal Case Study on Students’ Rights and Standards-based IEPs. . . How Departments of Education Use Language, Fear, and Ignorance to Get their Way

August 20, 2016   From One Extreme to the Other:  Changing School Policy from “Zero Tolerance” to “Total Tolerance” Will Not Work. . . Decreasing Disproportionate Discipline Referrals and Suspensions Requires Changing Student and Staff Behavior

August 7, 2016   Effective School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management:  The Five Components that Every School Needs. . . Reflections on a National Survey of Administrators and Teachers

July 24, 2016   Rethinking School Improvement and Success, Staff Development and Accountability, and Students' Academic and Behavioral Proficiency:  Using ESEA/ESSA’s New Flexibility to Replace the U.S. Department of Education’s Ineffective NCLB Initiatives

July 9, 2016   Teaching Students Self-Management Skills:  If We Want Them to Behave, We Need to Teach Them to Behave

June 28, 2016   ADHD Students in Schools:  New CDC Data and Their Implications for Intervention

June 12, 2016   How to Improve your Chronically Absent Students' Attendance. . . During the Summer

May 30, 2016   The Difference between Social Stories and Social Skills Training?  A BIG Difference!

May 15, 2016   Student Engagement (Down), Teacher Satisfaction (Down), School Safety and Academic Expectations (Down)-- How Do We Raise Up our Students and Schools to Success?

May 1, 2016   Parents and Students in Jail:  How do Schools Support Students with Parents in Jail, and Students who--Themselves--are Incarcerated?

April 17, 2016   School Resource Officers: Helping or Hurting Students and School Discipline?  The Need to Integrate Criteria for Hiring, Training, and Involving School Resource Officers, School-based Police, and Security Guards in Our Schools, and into the ESEA/ESSA’s Required Bullying, Restraint, and Suspension Plans

March 20, 2016   Grade Retention is NOT an Intervention!  How WE Fail Students When THEY are Failing in School

March 4, 2016   The New ESEA/ESSA:  Discontinuing the U.S. Department of Education's School Turn-Around, and Multi-tiered Academic (RtI) and Behavioral (PBIS) System of Support (MTSS) Frameworks

February 13, 2016   Reviewing Mindfulness and Other Mind-Related Programs (Part II).   More Bandwagons that Need to be Derailed?

January 30, 2016    Reviewing Mindfulness and Other Mind-Related Programs:   Have We Just Lost our Minds? (Part I).  Why Schools Sometimes Waste their Time and (Staff) Resources on Fads with Poor Research and Unrealistic Results.

January 17, 2016   The Seven C's of School Success (Part II):  The Ultimate Staff Strategies to Build Strong, Cohesive Relationships and Effective, Productive Teams

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2015

December 19, 2015   The Seven C's of School Success (Part I):  The Ultimate Organizational Strategies for School Success

November 28, 2015   Start the School Day Later?  How Students Use their After-School Time, Media and Smartphones, and Opportunities to Sleep

November 14, 2015    New U.S. Department of Education Report:  Students in RtI Tier II Interventions are Losing Ground.  What the Report Says. . .Why RtI is Not Working. . . Recommendations for Improving the RtI Process

November 1, 2015    Research to Practice:  How do Teachers Influence Students' Classroom Self-Management?  New Report says that Positive Classroom Climates and Relationships Most Influence Student Motivation

October 20, 2015   Want to Improve Student Learning?  Look at your "Instructional Environments" - - Standards Don't Teach . . . Teachers Do !!!

October 3, 2015   Is Your Strategic Plan Focused on Outcomes. . . or Just a Direction?   There are "Many Roads to Rome"- -  But You Need an Address and a GPS to Get There

September 19, 2015  Why Students Don't Behave?  Because We are not Teaching Them the Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills that They Need

September 7, 2015   When Kids Can't Read:  Policy and Practice Mistakes that Make it Worse

August 22, 2015   New National Education Association (NEA) Policy Brief Highlights Project ACHIEVE's Positive Behavioral Support System (PBSS) as an Evidence-based Model for School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management

August 9, 2015   Donald Trump, Negative Campaigns, and Social Skills:  Modeling Intolerance for our Students?

July 25, 2015  The Seven Sure Solutions to School Success:  How Many do You Need?

July 8, 2015   The Unfulfilled Promise of Education:  Students' Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills

June 21, 2015   School Disproportionality and the Charleston Murders:  Systemic Change vs. State Statutes

May 31, 2015   School Improvement? The Questions your Department of Education Needs to Know

May 9, 2015   The Beginning of the New School Year Starts in April

April 25, 2015   Extending the School Day? Is it Due to Ineffectiveness, Disengagement, or Enrichment?

April 10, 2015   The NEW ESEA Draft: Tell Congress that Capital Letters Make a Difference

April 4, 2015   Planning for Next Year's Successes THIS Year: Addressing Your Professional Development, On-Site Consultation, and Technical Assistance Needs at the System, School, Staff, and Student Levels

March 28, 2015   March Madness: How Effective Schools are Like Successful Basketball Teams

March 15, 2015   Restorative Practices and Reducing Suspensions: The Numbers Just Don’t Add Up

March 1, 2015   Stop Your Best Teachers from Leaving the Field: Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Recruiting, Training, and then Losing Your Best Teachers

February 15, 2015   Your State's Guide to RtI: Some Statutes Just Don't Make Sense- - What your Department of Education isn't Sharing about its Multi-tiered/Response-to-Intervention Procedures

January 31, 2015   Correcting the Flaws: The Feds’ Thinking on Academic Proficiency and Results Driven Accountability

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2014

December 13, 2014   Rich District, Poor District: Common Sense Practices to Maximize Resources and Improve Student Outcomes

November 22, 2014   Academically Struggling and Behaviorally Challenging Students: Your Doctor Wouldn’t Practice this Way

November 8, 2014   A New Federal Report Documents What Low-Performing are NOT Doing to Succeed: 12 Questions that WILL Guide School Improvement Success

October 26, 2014   School Improvement Succeeds only with Shared Leadership: A Field-Tested Blueprint

October 11, 2014   Another Federal Push… What’s the Deal with Trauma Sensitive Schools?

September 21, 2014   Minneapolis Superintendent Bans Most Suspensions for their Youngest Students: What Districts Need to do Instead of Suspending (Young) Students

September 6, 2014   New Superintendents’ Survey: Suspensions Do NOT Change Behavior—  What does?

August 17, 2014   Beginning the New School Year on the Right Foot: Why Classroom Routines, Behaviorally Disordered Students, and the Brain Matter

August 3, 2014    Implementing the U.S. Department of Education's School Safety Report: Resources to Prepare your School at the Policy, Procedure, and Practice Levels

July 22, 2014   Student Mental Health and Wellness: What the New RWJ Foundation Report Means for You

June 22, 2014   The 2013 U.S. School Crime Report Just Released by the US Departments of Education and Justice:  Making Schools Safer during the Summer, so They are Safe in the Fall

June 8, 2014   New National Report Discusses Ways to Improve School Learning Conditions for Students and Staff. . . and How to Break the "School to Prison" Link for Behaviorally Challenging Students

April 19, 2014   Don't Reinvent the Wheel: The Beginning of the New School Year Starts in April

April 6, 2014   Preschoolers Most Suspended Age Group: New Report and What It Means for You

March 9, 2014   Approaches to Eliminate Disproportionality: New Study Reinforces State-wide Student Discipline Inequities

March 1, 2014   Implementing the U.S. Department of Education's New School Discipline Policies: A Three-Year Positive Behavioral Support Implementation Blueprint

February 8, 2014   Congress Passes New Improvement Option for Struggling Schools:  Recognizes that the Department of Education's Turn-Around Options and More (SIG) Money are NOT Improving Schools or Student Outcomes

January 26, 2014   New Brown University Study: 90,000 Students per Year Suffer "Intentional" Injuries at School between 2001 and 2008….Resources to Help Schools and Districts Prevent Student Violence, Assaults, and Aggression

January 12, 2014   U.S. Department of Education Report:  "Guiding Principles: A Resource Guide for Improving School Climate and Discipline"

December 15, 2013   The National Council on Teacher Quality and The New York Times:  Teacher Training Programs NOT Preparing New Teachers in Classroom Management, and Zero Tolerance Procedures for School Discipline Do not Work

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During the school year and even into the Summer, I typically write bi-monthly Blog messages, unless an issue or new federal/state report comes out that needs attention.

PLEASE feel free to comment on my thoughts at any time.  PLEASE ALSO feel free to connect with me on social media:

You can e-mail me at:  howieknoff1@projectachieve.info

To see my website, go to:  www.projectachieve.info

To go to my Publications Store, go to:    www.projectachieve.info/store

Connect with me on Twitter:  twitter.com/DrHowieKnoff    or @DrHowieKnoff

Check out my LinkedIn Profile:  www.linkedin.com/in/knoffprojectachieve

Or see, join, or "like" my Facebook Page:  www.facebook.com/pages/Project-ACHIEVE

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Once again, to link to all of my past Blog messages below, go to:     www.projectachieve.info/blog

Best,

Howie

Saturday, May 17, 2025

Understanding Seizure Types, Causes, and Connections to Stress and Brain Injury

Connecting Students’ Sensory and Neurological Functioning with School Learning, Socialization, and Disabilities (Part III)

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Listen to a summary and analysis of this Blog on the Improving Education Today: The Deep Dive podcast on Spotify.

     Hosted by popular AI Educators Angela Jones and Davey Johnson, they provide enlightening perspectives on the implications of this Blog for all of Education.

[CLICK HERE to Listen to this Popular Podcast]

(Follow this bi-monthly Podcast to receive automatic e-mail notices with each NEW episode!)

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[CLICK HERE to read this Blog on the Project ACHIEVE Webpage]

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Dear Colleagues,

Introduction: We Start in the Supreme Court

   Late last month (April 28, 2025), the Supreme Court heard the case, A.J.T. v. Osseo Area Schools, Independent School District No. 279 (No. 24-249). The case involves Ava Tharpe, a now-teenaged student with severe epilepsy and cognitive impairment against the Osseo Area Schools where she lived in Minnesota.

   Ava has Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, a severe form of epilepsy. This condition causes frequent seizures that are often resistant to medication, cognitive impairments that affect learning and communication, and developmental delays that require special education support.

   When she was much younger, Ava attended a public school in Kentucky, where her schedule was adjusted to accommodate her debilitating condition. Specifically, her school arranged for her to attend classes only in the afternoon, and she also received instruction at home in the early evening.

   When Ava’s family was preparing to move to Minnesota in 2015—Ava was in fourth grade—they consciously chose to move into the Osseo Area Schools community because the district agreed to match her school schedule and special education services.

   After the move, however, the Osseo Area Schools refused to provide Ava’s services outside of the school day, denied her other accommodations, and reduced her school hours to about 65% of what her peers received.

   Ava’s family sued the district, arguing that it failed to meet her Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 rights as a student with a disability. Specifically, she was being denied her equal access to the educational opportunities offered by the School District to other students.

   After numerous lower and district court hearings and decisions, Ava’s case rose to the Supreme Court to clarify the legal standard for disability discrimination claims (and monetary awards) in education. On one side, the school district argued for a stricter standard requiring proof of "bad faith or gross misjudgment" as the criterion for discrimination, while Ava’s lawyers advocated for a more accessible "deliberate indifference" standard.

   The issue for this Blog is not the impending Supreme Court decision—even though it will be significant regardless of how the Court rules.

   The issue, given the theme of this Blog Series, is the importance that schools understand the different types of seizures that some students experience, and how to best accommodate and educate them relative to their academic learning and social development.

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Recapping this Blog Series

   This three-part Blog Series has focused broadly on three clusters of biologically-based conditions and their impact on students’ academic and/or social, emotional, or behavioral learning, interactions, and success.

   Part I of this Blog Series discussed the wide assortment of disabilities that qualify students for services either under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2004), respectfully.

April 26, 2025

Connecting Students’ Sensory and Neurological Functioning with School Learning, Socialization, and Disabilities: A Primer on Vision, Hearing, and Respiratory/Nasal Functioning (Part I)

[CLICK HERE for BLOG]

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   In Part I, we noted that virtually every one of the 504 disabilities discussed—and virtually every one of the thirteen disabilities in IDEA—has an important relationship to the biological, physical or physiological, biochemical, or neuropsychological functioning of the students involved.

   Moreover, we stressed that the different multi-disciplinary experts on every school’s 504, IDEA, or MTSS (Multi-Tiered System of Supports) team need to understand these biological-disability connections. . . from a curriculum, instruction, and learning perspective, as well as from an assessment, accommodation, and intervention perspective.

   Finally, we emphasized that this expertise helps (a) create bridges between medical and educational professionals; (b) dismantles misconceptions that students with disabilities are simply choosing to be unsuccessful; (c) defuses beliefs that poor parenting, supervision, or motivation is to blame; and (d) promotes more empathetic and compassionate interactions by peers, staff, and administrators.

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   In the second Blog, we initially distinguished between headaches and migraines, and described how migraines affect students academically and socially in school.

May 3, 2025

Differentiating Headaches and Four Different Types of Migraines: Connecting Students’ Sensory and Neurological Functioning with School Learning, Socialization, and Disabilities (Part II)

[CLICK HERE for BLOG]

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   We then discussed four types of migraines: Ocular/Retinal, Vestibular, Concussion-related, and Stress or Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome migraines. We addressed their (a) common neurological, limbic, and biochemical structures and pathways; and (b) their distinct clinical presentations, neurobiological mechanisms, diagnostic considerations, and management approaches.

   While educators do not differentially diagnose these four types of migraines, when interacting with students exhibiting them in school settings, they should still understand their clinical similarities and differences so that they can ask informed questions when conferring with parents and—with permission— medical professionals, and address students’ educationally-related needs.

   Schools’ MTSS team members also need to understand the biological-disability connections discussed in this Blog Series. . . from a curriculum, instruction, and learning perspective, as well as from an assessment, accommodation, and intervention perspective.

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   In this third Blog in the Series, we will discuss the types and impact of seizures on students’ learning and engagement in school. We will especially focus on (a) the root causes and brain locations of the seizures covered; (b) the existence of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES)—formerly known as "pseudoseizures”—which often occur in individuals with trauma or abuse histories, but are not organic in origin; (c) how seizures themselves can contribute to PTSD and stress; and (d) the connection between seizures and traumatic brain injuries.

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An Introduction to Seizures

   Seizures are temporary disturbances in brain function that occur when there is abnormal electrical activity among brain cells. While many people associate seizures with convulsions or loss of consciousness, the reality is that seizures manifest in various ways depending on which part of the brain is affected. Understanding the different types can help with recognition, diagnosis, and proper management.

   Seizures affect a significant number of students from kindergarten through Grade 12, with different frequencies by type. The most common types (discussed below) include absence seizures, which may go unnoticed as brief lapses in awareness; focal seizures, which affect specific areas of the brain and can cause unusual movements or sensations; and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which involve full-body convulsions.

   While exact numbers vary by region, studies estimate that approximately 1 in 100 children experience epilepsy, the condition most commonly associated with recurrent seizures. Among school-aged children, absence seizures are more frequent in younger students, while focal seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures are more commonly diagnosed in older students.

   Critically, students with epilepsy often face difficulties beyond the seizures themselves. Compared to their peers, these students are more likely to:

·       Miss 11 or more days of school per year;

·       Require 504 or special education services;

·       Experience learning difficulties, anxiety, and depression; and

·       Face social stigma and peer bullying. 

   Schools play a crucial role in supporting students with seizure disorders by providing accommodations, emergency response plans, and education for staff and peers. These will be discussed toward the end of this Blog.

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Describing the Different Types of Seizures

·       Focal Seizures (Partial Seizures). Focal seizures originate in one specific area of the brain and can be subdivided into two main categories: 

o   Focal Aware Seizures (Simple Partial) occur when the person remains conscious and aware during the event. They may experience unusual sensations like tingling, seeing flashing lights, smelling unusual odors, or experiencing sudden emotions. 

These seizures are typically brief, lasting seconds to minutes, and often leave no confusion afterward.

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o   Focal Impaired Awareness Seizures (Complex Partial) affect consciousness—the person may appear awake, but is not fully aware. Common behaviors include staring, and repetitive movements (automatisms) like lip-smacking, chewing, or hand rubbing. These seizures usually last 1 to 2 minutes, and are often followed by confusion.

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·       Generalized Seizures. Generalized seizures involve both hemispheres of the brain from the start and come in several types:

o   Absence Seizures (Petit Mal) present as brief lapses in awareness, often mistaken for daydreaming. They typically manifest as staring spells, sometimes with subtle eye or hand movements, lasting 5 to 30 seconds. Unlike other seizure types, there is no confusion afterward, and the individual can immediately return to normal activities. These seizures are most common in children.

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o   Tonic-Clonic Seizures (Grand Mal) are the most recognized seizure type, featuring two phases. The tonic phase involves muscle stiffening, potential falls, and possible cries from air being forced out of lungs. The clonic phase follows with rhythmic jerking movements of limbs. These seizures usually last 1 to 3 minutes and are followed by confusion, fatigue, headache, and sore muscles.

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o   Myoclonic Seizures involve brief, shock-like muscle jerks that may affect part or all of the body. They are typically very brief, lasting only seconds, and usually don't cause confusion afterward.

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o   Atonic Seizures (Drop Attacks) cause sudden loss of muscle tone, resulting in abrupt falls or head drops that sometimes cause injuries. These seizures are very brief, lasting only seconds, and there is usually a quick recovery.

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o   Tonic Seizures involve muscle stiffening without the clonic phase, often causing a rigid posture that can lead to falls if standing. These seizures usually last less than 20 seconds with a brief recovery period.

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o   Clonic Seizures present as repetitive jerking movements without the tonic phase. These seizures usually affect both sides of the body, last 1 to 2 minutes, and are followed by a period of confusion.

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The Root Causes and Brain Locations of Different Seizures

Focal Seizures: Causes and Locations

   Focal seizures often result from structural abnormalities such as brain tumors, strokes, or traumatic brain injuries. They can also stem from congenital malformations like cortical dysplasia, vascular lesions, post-infectious scarring, or mesial temporal sclerosis (hippocampal scarring often related to childhood febrile seizures).

   Different brain locations produce different focal seizure symptoms (see Figure below):

·       The temporal lobe is the most common location for focal seizures, producing symptoms like déjà vu, unusual smells/tastes, abdominal sensations, and automatisms. Hippocampal involvement is common in temporal lobe epilepsy.

·       The frontal lobe is the second most common location for focal seizures, typically producing bilateral motor movements, vocalization, complex posturing, and hypermotor activity.

·       Focal seizures in the parietal lobe trigger sensory disturbances, with spatial perception issues and numbness or tingling.

·       Focal seizures in the occipital lobe typically cause visual hallucinations, blindness, eye deviation, and blinking.

 

                     Major Structures of the Brain Involved in Seizures

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Generalized Seizures: Causes and Locations

   Generalized seizures often result from genetic factors like ion channel mutations (such as SCN1A mutations in Dravet syndrome or KCNQ2 mutations), developmental disorders, metabolic abnormalities, synchronization issues between the thalamus and cortex, or neurotransmitter imbalances, especially in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and glutamate.

   Unlike focal seizures, generalized seizures involve both hemispheres from onset. Thalamo-cortical networks are central to most generalized seizures, with the thalamus acting as a relay and synchronization center. Abnormal oscillations between the thalamus and cortex drive many generalized seizures.

   Different generalized seizure types have specific origins:

·       Absence Seizures are primarily genetic, often involving T-type calcium channel mutations. They stem from abnormal 3 Hz spike-and-wave pattern oscillations in thalamo-cortical circuits, particularly the thalamic reticular nucleus with bilateral cortical involvement. 

·       Tonic-Clonic Seizures can have various causes including genetic, structural, metabolic, or unknown factors. They involve widespread cortical activation with brainstem reticular formation involvement, beginning with abnormal firing throughout the cortex and engaging the motor cortex during the convulsive phase.

·       Myoclonic Seizures are often genetic, and they are seen in specific syndromes like Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. They primarily involve the motor cortex and thalamic connections, specifically the precentral gyrus with thalamic modulation.

·       Atonic Seizures are often associated with structural brain abnormalities or genetic disorders, involving sudden inhibition of the motor cortex or interruption of brainstem-spinal pathways.

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Special Seizure Types and Conditions: Causes and Locations

   Below, we quickly review three additional specialized types of seizures: Febrile and Reflex seizures, and Status Epilepticus.

   Febrile Seizures. Febrile seizures represent one of the most common neurological disorders in early childhood, affecting approximately 2 to 5% of children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. These seizures are characterized by their occurrence during episodes of fever without evidence of intracranial infection or other defined causes.

·       Root Causes. The primary trigger for febrile seizures is a rapid rise in body temperature, typically above 100.4°F. This sudden temperature elevation appears more significant than the absolute height of the fever. The child's genetic predisposition plays a substantial role, with a 10 to 20% increased risk among first-degree relatives of affected children.

The immature brain's temperature regulation mechanisms contribute significantly to susceptibility. Young children's brains have not yet developed the robust temperature regulation systems present in adults, making them more vulnerable to temperature-induced neural excitability. This developmental vulnerability explains why febrile seizures predominantly affect children under five years of age and rarely occur in older individuals.

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·       Brain Location and Neurophysiology. While febrile seizures are typically exhibited as generalized seizures affecting both hemispheres of the brain, their initiation likely involves temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus serves as the body's thermoregulatory center, and when rapidly rising temperatures overwhelm its capacity to regulate brain temperature, a cascade of events can trigger abnormal neuronal firing.

Research suggests that fever-induced hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis, which increases neuronal excitability. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines released during febrile illnesses may lower the seizure threshold. These factors, combined with the immature brain's limited inhibitory mechanisms, create conditions favorable for seizure generation.

Most febrile seizures resolve spontaneously within minutes and carry an excellent prognosis, with over 97% of children experiencing no long-term neurological consequences.

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   Reflex Seizures. Reflex seizures represent a fascinating category of epileptic events triggered by specific sensory stimuli or cognitive activities. Unlike spontaneous seizures, these are consistently provoked by identifiable external or internal triggers.

·       Root Causes. The fundamental mechanism underlying reflex seizures involves hypersensitivity in specific sensory cortices. This hypersensitivity creates an abnormally low threshold for neuronal activation in response to particular stimuli. Genetic factors often contribute to this susceptibility, with many reflex epilepsy syndromes showing familial patterns.

The neurophysiological basis involves hyperexcitability in specific neural networks that process particular types of sensory information. When these networks are activated by their corresponding triggers, they may generate synchronized discharges that can either remain localized or spread to involve larger brain regions.

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·       Brain Location by Trigger Type

o   Photosensitive Epilepsy

 

Initial Location: Visual cortex in the occipital lobe

 

Mechanism: Flashing lights, contrasting patterns, or specific visual frequencies (typically 15-25 Hz) stimulate hyperexcitable neurons in the visual cortex

 

Propagation: May remain localized as simple visual phenomena or spread to involve motor areas, resulting in tonic-clonic movements

 

Demographics: Most common in adolescents, with many patients outgrowing the sensitivity by adulthood

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o   Audiogenic Seizures

 

Initial Location: Auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

 

Mechanism: Specific sounds or frequencies trigger abnormal electrical activity in auditory processing regions

 

Characteristics: May manifest as auditory hallucinations initially before progressing to motor symptoms if the activity spreads

 

Notable Examples: Musicogenic epilepsy, where specific musical pieces or genres trigger seizures

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o   Reading Epilepsy

 

Initial Location: Language areas in the dominant hemisphere (typically left temporal and frontal regions)

 

Mechanism: The complex integration of visual processing, language comprehension, and vocalization required for reading overwhelms susceptible neural circuits

 

Presentation: Often begins with jaw jerking or throat discomfort before potentially generalizing

 

Cognitive Aspects: Represents an interesting intersection between higher cognitive functions and epileptogenesis

Other notable reflex triggers include eating (temporal lobe), hot water immersion (parietal lobe), and complex activities like mathematics or decision-making (frontal lobe involvement). Treatment approaches typically combine avoidance of triggers with targeted anticonvulsant medications.

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   Status Epilepticus. Status epilepticus (SE) represents a neurological emergency characterized by either continuous seizure activity lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without recovery of consciousness between episodes. This condition carries significant morbidity and mortality, with mortality rates ranging from 3 to 40% depending on seizure type, duration, age, and comorbidities.

·       Root Causes. The fundamental pathophysiology of status epilepticus involves a critical failure of the brain's seizure termination mechanisms. Under normal circumstances, multiple inhibitory processes limit seizure duration. In status epilepticus, these protective mechanisms fail, allowing persistent abnormal electrical activity.

Several specific factors can precipitate status epilepticus:

1.   Medication Withdrawal. Abrupt discontinuation of anticonvulsant medications is a leading cause, particularly in patients with established epilepsy. The sudden removal of inhibitory influences can unleash uncontrolled excitatory activity.

 

2.   Acute Brain Injuries. Traumatic brain injury, stroke, hypoxic damage, and central nervous system infections can disrupt normal inhibitory circuits and trigger prolonged seizure activity. These structural lesions may create persistent hyperexcitable foci resistant to normal termination mechanisms.

 

3.   Metabolic Disturbances. Severe electrolyte imbalances (particularly sodium, calcium, and glucose abnormalities), uremia, and hepatic encephalopathy can alter the brain's electrical stability. Toxic-metabolic encephalopathies reduce seizure threshold while simultaneously impairing termination mechanisms.

 

4.   Progressive Neurological Conditions. Neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, and certain autoimmune encephalitides create evolving pathological conditions that can manifest as status epilepticus, particularly in advanced stages.

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·       Brain Location and Pathophysiology. The anatomical substrate of status epilepticus depends primarily on the seizure type involved:

1.   Convulsive Status Epilepticus. Involves bilateral cortical regions with prominent motor system involvement. The sustained hyperactivity leads to depletion of inhibitory neurotransmitters, internalization of GABA receptors, and externalization of excitatory NMDA receptors—creating a self-perpetuating cycle.

 

2.   Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus. May involve more limited regions, particularly temporal and frontal networks, without overt motor manifestations. Though less immediately apparent clinically, it can still cause neuronal damage through excitotoxicity.

 

3.   Focal Status Epilepticus. Remains confined to specific brain regions corresponding to the underlying pathology, such as stroke, tumor, or focal cortical dysplasia.

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·       Progression. The progression of status epilepticus involves multiple pathophysiological stages:

1.   Initial Phase (0-30 minutes). Characterized by excessive neuronal firing with intact compensatory mechanisms, generally responsive to first-line medications

 

2.   Established Phase (30-60 minutes). Features failing compensatory mechanisms with internalization of inhibitory receptors, increasingly resistant to standard treatments

 

3.   Refractory Phase (>60 minutes). Demonstrates profound neurochemical alterations, mitochondrial failure, cerebral edema, and systemic complications requiring aggressive intervention.

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   Status epilepticus requires immediate medical intervention to prevent permanent neurological damage and life-threatening systemic complications. The longer the duration, the more resistant it becomes to treatment and the greater the risk of adverse outcomes.

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Seizures and Their Relationship to Stress and PTSD

   Stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can influence seizure activity through complex and bidirectional neurobiological, psychological, and physiological mechanisms. For 30 to 60% of individuals with epilepsy, stress is a significant seizure trigger.

   The relationship between stress/PTSD and seizures works both ways. Stress and PTSD can trigger or worsen seizures, while having seizures creates psychological stress, potentially worsening PTSD symptoms. This creates a challenging cycle that requires integrated treatment approaches. Critically, though, while not everyone with stress or PTSD develops seizures, there are established connections that deserve attention.

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   Stress affects neurological functioning through several pathways. During stress, the body releases cortisol and other stress hormones that can lower seizure thresholds in susceptible individuals. These hormones affect brain excitability and can disrupt normal electrical activity.

   Chronic stress often leads to poor sleep quality, which is a known seizure trigger. Sleep deprivation increases cortical excitability, potentially precipitating seizure activity.

   Additionally, acute stress can trigger hyperventilation, leading to changes in blood chemistry that may provoke seizures in predisposed individuals.

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   Conversely, seizures themselves can be traumatic events, creating fear and helplessness. The unpredictable nature of seizures creates a sense of vulnerability, and public seizures can lead to embarrassment and social anxiety. The disorientation after seizures can be frightening and traumatic.

   This can lead to the development of seizure-related PTSD, characterized by anticipatory anxiety about when the next seizure might occur, intrusive memories or flashbacks to seizure experiences, avoidance behaviors to prevent seizure triggers, and hypervigilance through constant monitoring of bodily sensations for seizure auras. This creates a vicious cycle where stress leads to seizures, which create more stress.

   PTSD has been linked to several seizure types. Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES), also called functional or pseudoseizures (see section below), resemble epileptic seizures but aren't caused by abnormal electrical activity. Studies show 25 to 40% of individuals with PNES have histories of PTSD or trauma. These seizures often manifest with convulsions, altered awareness, and emotional disturbances.

   PTSD-specific factors include the persistent hypervigilance state that keeps the brain in a heightened state of excitability, sleep disruptions that independently lower seizure threshold, and flashbacks that trigger acute stress responses potentially precipitating seizures.

   In people with epilepsy, PTSD and chronic stress can lower seizure thresholds, potentially triggering focal seizures (affecting one brain area) or generalized seizures (affecting both hemispheres). Dissociative seizures are psychological in nature and often connected to trauma processing. They can include altered awareness, motor symptoms, and sensory disturbances.

   The connection between stress, PTSD, and seizures highlights the importance of integrated, multidisciplinary treatment approaches that address both neurological and psychological factors. School professionals are instrumental both in this integration and in some areas of treatment.

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PTSD or Stress-Induced Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Pseudoseizures

   As introduced above, Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES), formerly known as "pseudoseizures," are episodes that resemble epileptic seizures, but without the corresponding EEG activity. About 50 to 80% of PNES patients report significant trauma or abuse histories, and PNES is significantly more common in people with PTSD.

   As discussed in Part II of this Blog Series, PTSD creates profound changes in brain function, particularly in regions responsible for regulating the stress response. The amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex—areas critically involved in fear processing and emotional regulation—often show altered activity patterns and even structural changes in individuals with PTSD.

   These neurobiological alterations can create a heightened state of physiological arousal that, in some cases, manifests as seizure-like episodes. However, unlike epileptic seizures, which stem from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, PTSD-induced seizures typically represent the brain's response to overwhelming emotional triggers or trauma recollections.

   As such, PNES are often triggered by emotional events or conflicts, and they typically develop gradually rather than suddenly. They may fluctuate in intensity, show asynchronous movements that are out of phase or inconsistent, and the individual’s eyes are often closed during the events—contrary to most epileptic seizures.

   Critically, the neuro-biological processes involved in some of the seizures discussed earlier in this Blog and PNES-pseudoseizures are similar. Similarly, as discussed in Part II of this Blog Series, these same neuro-biological processes also occur for some migraines.

   Thus, these three triangulated events (migraines, seizures, and pseudoseizures due to stress or PTSD) need to be medically and psychologically differentiated. This is especially important as schools need to know what involved students are actually experiencing, and the most effective ways to medically and psychoeducationally respond.

   In contrast to epileptic seizures, individuals experiencing PNES-pseudoseizures may respond to verbal stimuli during events, and they typically recover quickly and without the confusion period common (after epileptic seizures). Finally, PNES episodes often last longer than typical epileptic seizures (i.e., greater than 2 minutes).

   Importantly, patients with PNES are not faking or consciously producing their symptoms. The distress and disability caused by PNES is very real, and about 10 to 30% of patients with PNES also have epilepsy, complicating diagnosis.

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Recognizing the Symptoms

   A common symptom of PTSD-induced pseudoseizures includes uncontrollable shaking or trembling of the body, which may affect the entire body or be localized to specific areas. Unlike epileptic seizures, individuals are conscious and aware of their surroundings during PNES events—even though they may not be responsive. Individuals also report feeling detached or "foggy" during PNES episodes, rather than being completely unconscious.

   Other physical symptoms often include rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, and sensory disturbances. Some individuals report unusual sensations such as tingling, numbness, or visual distortions before or during episodes.

   Perhaps most distinctively—as noted earlier, individuals with PTSD- or stress-induced pseudoseizures typically don't show the characteristic brain activity patterns seen in epileptic seizures when monitored with EEG testing.

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Underlying Causes and Risk Factors

   Several factors contribute to the development of PTSD-induced pseudoseizures. For example, the severity and duration of trauma exposure significantly impact the likelihood of developing pseudoseizures. Individuals who have experienced prolonged or repeated trauma—such as survivors of child abuse or victims of domestic violence—appear to be at higher risk.

   Research also suggests that certain pre-existing conditions may increase susceptibility. These include prior traumatic brain injuries, history of childhood seizures, and genetic factors influencing stress response regulation.

   Social and psychological factors also play important roles. Limited support systems, ongoing life stressors, and comorbid conditions like depression or substance use disorders can exacerbate both PTSD symptoms and pseudoseizure occurrence.

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Treatment Approaches: A Multi-Faceted Strategy

   Effective management of PTSD-induced pseudoseizures requires a comprehensive approach addressing both neurological and psychological aspects of the condition:

·       Psychotherapy. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) remains a cornerstone of treatment. By processing traumatic memories and developing healthy coping mechanisms, patients can reduce the emotional charge that triggers seizure activity. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) has shown particular promise in addressing both PTSD symptoms and reducing seizure frequency by helping the brain process traumatic memories.

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·       Medication Management. While traditional anti-seizure medications may not be effective for PTSD-induced seizures, other pharmacological approaches can help. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other antidepressants can regulate the stress response system and improve overall PTSD symptomatology. In some cases, anxiolytic medications may be prescribed for short-term use during periods of acute stress.

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·       Relaxation Training. Biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation training can help individuals recognize early warning signs of PNES events, using these strategies to prevent or minimize episodes. Regular practice of these methods helps regulate the autonomic nervous system, potentially reducing seizure frequency and severity.

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·       Comprehensive Care Coordination. The complex nature of PTSD-induced pseudoseizures necessitates collaboration between neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and other healthcare providers. This team approach ensures that both neurological and psychological aspects of the condition receive appropriate attention.

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The Importance of Awareness and Support

   Despite growing understanding of PTSD-induced pseudoseizures, many individuals still face significant challenges in receiving appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Misdiagnosis as epilepsy or dismissal of symptoms as "just psychological" remains common. Raising awareness among healthcare providers, educators, and the general public about this legitimate neuropsychiatric condition is essential.

    For students living with PTSD-induced pseudoseizures, supportive educators and in-house related services professionals can make a tremendous difference. These students need validation and support, practical coping strategies—and the permission to use them, and the comfort of knowing that they are not alone in this experience.

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The Connection Between Seizures and Traumatic Brain Injuries

   Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussions share a significant relationship with seizures, with the connection varying based on injury severity, location, and individual factors.

   Post-traumatic seizures (PTS) are classified based on when they occur relative to the injury:

·       Immediate/Impact Seizures occur at the moment of impact and are relatively rare, seen in approximately 1 to 4% of TBI cases. They are not strongly associated with the development of post-traumatic epilepsy.

·       Early Post-Traumatic Seizures occur within 7 days of injury. Their incidence ranges from 1 to 4% in mild TBI to 10 to 25% in severe TBI. These represent an acute reaction to injury rather than epilepsy.

·       Late Post-Traumatic Seizures occur beyond 7 days after injury and are often considered diagnostic of post-traumatic epilepsy. Their incidence ranges from less than 5% in mild TBI to 10 to 50% in severe TBI, depending on specific risk factors.

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Post-Traumatic Epilepsy (PTE)

   Post-traumatic epilepsy refers to recurrent seizures that develop as a chronic condition following TBI. The risk varies based on TBI severity:

·       Mild TBI/Concussion generally presents a low risk (approximately 1 to 2%), though the risk may be higher with multiple concussions. This connection is often overlooked in cases of multiple mild TBIs.

·       Moderate TBI carries approximately 2 to 4% risk within 5 years, increasing with specific injury characteristics.

·       Severe TBI presents up to 15 to 20% risk of developing epilepsy, with risk remaining elevated for at least 10 years post-injury. The highest risk occurs in penetrating injuries (up to 50%).

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Risk Factors and Mechanisms

   Several factors increase the risk of developing PTE:

·       Injury-related factors include penetrating injuries (especially with dural penetration), intracranial hemorrhage (particularly subarachnoid and subdural), brain contusions (especially in frontal and temporal regions), depressed skull fractures requiring surgical elevation, early post-traumatic seizures, loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours, and a Glasgow Coma Scale less than 10.

·       Patient factors that include age (higher risk in very young children and adults over 65), genetic predisposition, pre-existing brain pathology, and alcohol use.

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   The development of seizures after TBI involves multiple mechanisms that evolve over time:

·       In the acute phase (minutes to days), altered neurotransmitter release, ion channel dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, and cerebral edema play key roles.

·       During the subacute phase (days to weeks), neuroinflammation, free radical production, axonal injury, and altered cerebral blood flow become important factors.

·       In the chronic phase (months to years), neuronal circuit reorganization, gliosis, changes in inhibitory circuits, blood-brain barrier alterations, and altered gene expression contribute to seizure development.

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Management Approaches for Different Types of Seizures

For PNES and Stress-Related Seizures

   Psychological interventions like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), progressive relaxation therapy and other stress reduction techniques, trauma-focused therapy like Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and biofeedback can be effective for both PTSD and seizure management.

   Medical interventions utilizing selective anti-seizure medications are appropriate and should be prescribed and monitored by the individual’s primary care or specialization physician. Care must be taken as some medications may lower seizure threshold, or complicate long-term resolution.

   Lifestyle modifications are crucial, including prioritizing regular, quality sleep, implementing stress management routines (regular exercise, relaxation techniques, breathing exercises), keeping seizure diaries with stress ratings to identify personal patterns, and joining support groups.

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For Post-Traumatic Seizures and Epilepsy

   Acute seizure preventative or active treatment often involves anti-seizure medications for seven days after moderate-severe TBI. However, many of the common treatment medications have limited effectiveness in preventing long-term epilepsy development.

   For established PTE, medications like levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine are commonly used. Surgical options exist for medication-resistant focal epilepsy with an identifiable seizure focus, and neuromodulation techniques like VNS (Vagus Nerve Stimulation) can help selected cases.

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School Support and Seizure Management Approaches

   Schools play a crucial role in ensuring the safety, academic, and social success of students with epilepsy. Many states have passed laws requiring schools to provide seizure recognition and first-aid training for staff, maintain Seizure Action Plans for affected students, and administer prescribed medications when necessary. Programs like “Seizure Training for School Personnel” (see references for this and others below) provide educators, nurses, and staff with essential knowledge on seizure types, first aid, and emergency response. 

   More specifically, schools can take several steps to ensure the safety and well-being of students with epilepsy and seizure disorders. Some key strategies include: 

·       Close communication with the affected parents and the students themselves—as well as their designated medical specialists—regarding seizure-prevention, immediate response, and post-seizure actions and activities to address both medical and safety concerns.

Much of this should be coordinated by the administration and the School Nurse, as well as selected members of the school’s Multi-Tiered Services Team.

Schools ensure that nurses and other personnel are trained and available to administer rescue medications and monitor students with frequent seizures. 

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·       Communication with and training for school staff (including bus drivers, paraprofessionals, recess and lunchroom aides, and necessary others) who are likely to be present during a seizure event.

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·       Communication with and awareness training for students who are likely to be present during a seizure event—including any anti-teasing or bullying discussions and plans needed (to reduce the stigma sometimes associated with seizures and to provide active support to affected students).

Some schools incorporate epilepsy education into their health curricula even when there are not affected students in the student body. 

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·       Determination as to whether the student qualifies for a 504 or Individualized Education Plan, respectively—or at least a Seizure Action Plan. These plans help address not just the medical preparations needed, but also the academic, social-behavioral, and related services needed by the student.

These plans should also include any accommodations, as well as therapy services needed (e.g., occupational therapy, cognitive-behavioral or relaxation therapy).

In addition, specific school staff may be designated to help students adhere to medication schedules and administer emergency treatments when needed.

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·       Seizure Action Plans (on their own or embedded in one of the other plans referenced above) should outline first aid steps, seizure triggers, emergency procedures and contacts, and medication protocols.

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Sample Successful School Seizure Safety Programs

   Seizure Safe Schools Initiative. Led by the Epilepsy Foundation, this nationwide effort is dedicated to passing legislation that ensures that schools provide seizure recognition and first-aid training for staff, maintain Seizure Action Plans, and administer prescribed medications. Over half of U.S. states have adopted some form of this legislation.

www.epilepsy.com/advocacy/priorities/seizure-safe-schools

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   Seizure Management in Schools. The American Academy of Pediatrics provides best practices for school-based seizure management, including identifying students with epilepsy, training staff, and ensuring proper documentation and emergency response protocols.

www.aap.org/en/patient-care/school-health/management-of-chronic-conditions-in-schools/seizure-management-in-schools/

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   Seizure Preparedness Programs. The Epilepsy Foundation offers training for school personnel, including teachers, nurses, and administrators, to improve seizure response and create a supportive environment for students with epilepsy.

www.epilepsy.com/preparedness-safety/schools

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Summary

   This three-part Blog Series has focused broadly on three clusters of biologically-based conditions and their impact on students’ academic and/or social, emotional, or behavioral learning, interactions, and success.

   Throughout the Series, we have stressed how important it is for the different multi-disciplinary experts on every school’s 504, IDEA, or MTSS (Multi-Tiered System of Supports) team—as well as teachers and others—to understand how these biological conditions connect to curriculum, instruction, and learning, as well as to needed assessments, accommodations, and interventions.

   Part I of this Blog Series noted that virtually all of the disabilities that qualify students for services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2004), respectfully, have an important relationship to these students’ biological, physical or physiological, biochemical, or neuropsychological functioning. We then provided a primer on students’ vision, hearing, and respiratory/nasal functioning—specifically, how to screen and identify different problems in each area; and how these problems can significantly affect student learning, socialization, and functioning in the classroom.

   In the second Blog, we initially distinguished between headaches and migraines, and described how migraines affect students academically and socially in school. We then discussed four types of migraines: Ocular/Retinal, Vestibular, Concussion-related, and Stress or Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome migraines—addressing their (a) common neurological, limbic, and biochemical structures and pathways; and (b) their distinct clinical presentations, neurobiological mechanisms, diagnostic considerations, and management approaches.

   In this third Blog, we discussed the types and impact of seizures on students’ learning and engagement in school. This Blog provided detailed information in the following sections:

·       An introduction to seizures with general characteristics, incidence levels, and their impact on students in school

·       The different types of seizures—including three types of more-specialized seizures—with their specific characteristics and physical manifestations

·       The neurological root causes for each type of seizure discussed, along with the areas of the brain involved

·       Seizures and their relationship to stress and PTSD

·       The link between PTSD and Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES), also called functional or pseudoseizures, including their symptoms, underlying causes and risk factors, treatment approaches, and the support these students need in school

·       The connection between seizures and traumatic brain injuries or concussions

·       Management approaches for different types of seizures

·       Specific school support and seizure management approaches

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   Understanding the various types of seizures and their complex relationships with stress, trauma, and brain injury is crucial for proper diagnosis, treatment, and support. The bidirectional relationship between seizures and psychological factors highlights the importance of integrated care approaches that address both the neurological and psychological aspects of these conditions.

   All of this is important for school staff who have affected students in their classrooms, common schools areas, on school buses, and participating in extra-curricular activities. While seizures can be frightening to witness or experience, most can be effectively managed with proper medical care and planning by school personnel.

   School staff need to remember that seizures are also frightening to the students directly experiencing them (especially younger students), and to students (and staff) who witness an event. Seizure first aid primarily involves ensuring safety during the event and being a calm, supportive presence. Knowing the specific type of seizure someone experiences can help educators coordinate with parents, the students involved, and other healthcare providers to ensure that everyone is “on the same page,” responding to events correctly, and providing services and supports with integrity.

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The “Improving Education Today” Podcast: A New Professional Development Resource Complementing this Blog

   This past January, we announced a new partnership and resource for you.

   The partnership is with popular AI Educators, Davey Johnson and Angela Jones. . . and the resource is their Podcast:

Improving Education Today: The Deep Dive 

   For each published bimonthly Blog, Davey and Angela summarize and analyze the Blog in their free-wheeling and “no-holds-barred” Podcast. . . addressing the topic’s importance to “education today,” and discussing their recommendations on how to apply the information so that all students, staff, and schools benefit.

   You can find the Podcast that accompanies this Blog message at the following link:

Improving Education Today: The Deep Dive | Podcast on Spotify

   Davey and Angela have also created a Podcast Archive consisting of all of this year’s Blog (Volume 3), as well as those from 2024 (Volume 2), and 2023 (Volume 1).

   The Podcasts are posted on Spotify, and you can “Follow” the Podcast Series so that you will be automatically notified whenever a new Podcast is posted.

   Many districts and schools are using the Podcasts in their Leadership Teams and/or PLCs to keep everyone abreast of new issues and research in education, and to stimulate important discussions and decisions regarding the best ways to enhance student, staff, and school outcomes.

   If you would like to follow this Blog or a Podcast up with a free one-hour consultation with me, just contact me and we will get it on our schedules.

   I hope to hear from you soon.

Best,

Howie

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[CLICK HERE to read this Blog on the Project ACHIEVE Webpage]

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[To listen to a synopsis and analysis of this Blog on the “Improving Education Today: The Deep Dive” podcast on Spotify: CLICK HERE]

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